Which term refers to the rhythmic properties of the tonal system that are independent of meter?

The term that refers to the rhythmic properties of the tonal system that are independent of meter is known as "tonal rhythm." This concept highlights the way in which rhythm can operate in a musical context that is distinct from the formal structure imposed by meter or time signatures. Tonal rhythm involves the interplay of pitch and rhythm, allowing for a sense of movement and development that is not directly tied to regular, repeating beats found in a given meter.

For example, in tonal rhythm, the emphasis can be placed on certain pitches or chords that create a sense of tension or release, while the underlying meter may be irregular or varied. This distinguishes tonal rhythm from durational rhythm, which focuses more on the specific lengths of notes and rests within a specified meter.

The other terms in the question, such as forzando and sforzando, relate to dynamics and accents in music, rather than to the broader rhythmic structure. They denote specific instructions on how to emphasize notes, but they do not encompass the concept of rhythm within the tonal system as a whole.