Which musical term refers to distinct melodic lines that are independent yet harmonically interrelated?

The musical term that refers to distinct melodic lines that are independent yet harmonically interrelated is polyphony. In polyphonic composition, there are multiple melodies that interact with each other, creating a rich and complex texture. Each melodic line, or voice, retains its individuality while simultaneously contributing to the overall harmonic structure of the piece. A classic example of polyphony can be found in the works of composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, where various voices weave together, creating intricate counterpoint.

Monophony, in contrast, involves a single melodic line without harmonic accompaniment, meaning there’s no interaction between multiple melodies. Homophony consists of one primary melody supported by chords or harmonies, and thus is less complex than polyphony since it features a clear hierarchy of melody and accompaniment. Heterophony describes a single melody that is varied or elaborated upon by different voices but does not create independent, interwoven lines like in polyphony.