In which regions of the world are ostinatos commonly found?

Ostinatos, defined as repeated musical phrases or rhythms, are indeed prominently featured in African and Indian music. In Africa, various cultures utilize ostinatos in traditional and contemporary music, often as a foundational element in ensemble playing or in the context of dance. These repetitive patterns create a sense of groove and can be layered with other rhythmic elements, contributing to the rich tapestry of African musical forms.

Similarly, in Indian music, particularly within classical traditions such as Hindustani and Carnatic, ostinatos can be found in the form of "tala" (rhythmic cycles) and can be integral to the structure of a raga. The intricate interplay of these cyclical patterns not only serves as a rhythmic backbone but also enhances melodic improvisation, allowing the performer to create music that evolves over time while anchored by these repeating motifs.

The other regions mentioned do have their own unique musical characteristics and traditions, but they do not specifically showcase ostinatos to the same extent as Africa and India. North America and Europe feature various musical styles that include repeated patterns, but they are not as intrinsically linked to the cultural expression as found in the African and Indian contexts. Similarly, regions like Australia and Antarctica do not have notable musical traditions centered around